Happening

Description

The chart is an interactive lineage map. Happening sits at the center, on a timeline that runs from older movements at the top to newer ones at the bottom. The movements that influenced it appear above it, any parallel movements it developed alongside sit on its own row, and the movements it later influenced appear below. Every line is a real, cited connection between two movements: a solid line is an influence historians broadly agree on, and a dashed line is an indirect, parallel, or contested link.

For Happening (1958 – 1970s), it traces three movements that shaped it, all well-established links: Dada, Futurism and Gutai group; it runs alongside two parallel movements, all well-established links: Auto-destructive art and Fluxus; it fans out to three movements it went on to influence, a mix of well-established and looser, indirect links: Interactive Art, Temporary art and Viennese Actionism.

A happening is a performance, event, or situation art, usually as performance art. The term was first used by Allan Kaprow in 1959 to describe a range of art-related events. Read more ↗

Key Artists

Allan Kaprow
The visionary founder and theorist who coined the term 'Happening' in 1959, choreographing unscripted, ephemeral performance events that dissolved the barrier between performer and audience.
Claes Oldenburg
Pop sculptor who staged wild, immersive Happenings inside his Ray Gun Theater in the Lower East Side, utilizing cardboard costumes, slop, and audience interaction to dramatize urban chaos.
Jim Dine
Painter and performance pioneer who created famous early Happenings such as The Smiling Workman (1960), drinking jars of paint and diving through canvases at the Reuben Gallery.
Robert Whitman
Key creator of multimedia Happenings who integrated early film projections, mirrors, actors, and shadow play into magical, dreamlike theatrical environments such as The American Moon (1960).
Red Grooms
Energetic painter and performer who staged early Happenings such as The Burning Building (1959) in his loft studio, combining expressionist set painting with chaotic live actors and fire engines.
Carolee Schneemann
Kinetic theater pioneer who transformed kinetic assemblage and Happenings into radical, sensuous celebrations of the female body and environmental participation, notably in Meat Joy (1964).

Famous Artworks

18 Happenings in 6 Parts
Allan Kaprow · 1959
Reuben Gallery, New York - Environmental performance with score and structures
The Burning Building
Red Grooms · 1959
Delancey Street Museum, New York - Theatrical happening with painted cardboard sets and actors
The Smiling Workman
Jim Dine · 1960
Reuben Gallery, New York - Performance happening
The Store and Ray Gun Theater
Claes Oldenburg · 1961
107 East 2nd Street, New York - Environmental storefront and happening series
Words
Allan Kaprow · 1962
Smolin Gallery, New York - Participatory environment and happening
Meat Joy
Carolee Schneemann · 1964
Festival de la Libre Expression, Paris / Judson Memorial Church, New York - Kinetic theater performance happening

Fun Facts

Allan Kaprow first used the word 'happening' in print in his famous 1958 essay 'The Legacy of Jackson Pollock,' arguing that Pollock's action painting had exhausted the flat canvas and that artists must now enter the physical world of everyday objects, sounds, and actions.
↗ Source: guggenheim.org
Unlike traditional theater where spectators sit passively in auditorium seats, Kaprow's Happenings required guests to sign formal instruction cards upon entry, commanding them to change rooms when bells rang and prohibiting applauding at the conclusion because art and life were occurring simultaneously.
↗ Source: guggenheim.org

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